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D7 26.7300 147.0400 9 DIVE, nets, CTDVibra peeper corer (if functional)/li>1 Air compressor - Johnson ~200 lbsScoop bags, 12We request three dive days with two used to map and collect lava and hyaloclastite from as many of the shallow cones as possible and determining the style (pillows, hyaloclastite, blocky flows) of the erupted lava. These two days would each consist of several short dives in succession, an operational mode only MBARI can do. The ability to collect loose volcanic sand using the box corer or newly designed push cores may also be critical to sampling these cones, which apparently formed by explosive eruptions. The third dive day would examine the lava pond at 2400 m depth and the adjacent cones. This dive is too deep for Pisces V operations. The coral terraces, while scientifically exciting targets, will not be explored further until some new radiometric technique is developed that can date the recovered samples (no technique exists at present). [url=www.squidoo.com/lyc]Strapon Anal Sex Pictures[/url] ROV CTD w/O2 and transmissometer Ц Robisonа3 white collapsible pallet boxes and misc. gear - Robison ~600 lbs totalа8. Volcanic Vent northeast of Oahu
Scheduled Start Date: 2001-05-09 0800 Local Moss Landing timeD6 28.8200 141.6200 9 DIVE, nets, CTDHawaii also turns out to be an excellent place to study long-term climate change because the rapid subsidence (caused by lithospheric flexure under the enormous weight of the volcanoes) coupled with Pleistocene sea level fluctuations results in formation of a series of stairstep drowned coral reefs that encircle much of the island flanks. Many of the known reefs (from Maui westward) are too old to reliably date (U-Th techniques are presently limited to less than about 500,000 years), but most of the seven drowned reefs around Hawaii have been roughly dated and correlated to specific stages in the Pleistocene seawater isotopic record. Each reef forms during periods when sea level is falling slowly, dissolves to form subaerial karst when sea level falls more rapidly than island subsidence, and drowns when global sea level rises. The reefs thus record, in high fidelity, the interplay of island subsidence (and tilting) and climate change. This relationship has been exploited to roughly determine the rates of island subsidence for Hawaii (e.g. Moore and Clague, 1992). In addition, the top of each reef is a time horizon, and evaluation of the chemistry of the lavas that were emplaced on top of each reef allows one to reconstruct the geologic evolution of particular regions (Clague and Moore, 1991) or for the entire island of Hawaii (Moore and Clague, 1992).DJs underway mapping system, 25lbsаPlanned Track Description: [url=www.squidoo.com/btits]Rough Teen Lesbian Sex[/url] D6 28.8200 141.6200 9 DIVE, nets, CTDEquipment Description (include weight if available):Equipment Description (include weight if available):
Hawaii also turns out to be an excellent place to study long-term climate change because the rapid subsidence (caused by lithospheric flexure under the enormous weight of the volcanoes) coupled with Pleistocene sea level fluctuations results in formation of a series of stairstep drowned coral reefs that encircle much of the island flanks. Many of the known reefs (from Maui westward) are too old to reliably date (U-Th techniques are presently limited to less than about 500,000 years), but most of the seven drowned reefs around Hawaii have been roughly dated and correlated to specific stages in the Pleistocene seawater isotopic record. Each reef forms during periods when sea level is falling slowly, dissolves to form subaerial karst when sea level falls more rapidly than island subsidence, and drowns when global sea level rises. The reefs thus record, in high fidelity, the interplay of island subsidence (and tilting) and climate change. This relationship has been exploited to roughly determine the rates of island subsidence for Hawaii (e.g. Moore and Clague, 1992). In addition, the top of each reef is a time horizon, and evaluation of the chemistry of the lavas that were emplaced on top of each reef allows one to reconstruct the geologic evolution of particular regions (Clague and Moore, 1991) or for the entire island of Hawaii (Moore and Clague, 1992).67-55 36.6200 122.4150 0 no stop D1,top of pageD4 33.1300 130.59 9 DIVE, nets, CTD2 steel tow fish + block + pump, 350lbs [url=www.squidoo.com/ajjedkala]Anal sex and positions[/url] Participants:Planned Track Description:Radium-sensor
3 big white boxes/pallets of lab gear - Chavez. ~600 lbs totalаExpedition Chief Scientist: David ClagueDive Targets and Scientific RationaleThis cruise has two main goals: 1) to sample young alkalic basalt vents and flows near Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau and 2) to collect heat flow data and cores from the north slope of Oahu.Sta. Name Latitude (deg N) Longitude (deg W) Hrs on Station Purpose [url=www.squidoo.com/matureq]Erotic Gay Sex Stories[/url] D2, 67-75 35.9530 123.8420 9 DIVE, nets, CTDObjective is to compare surface water iron and aluminum concentrations during a "dust" season to those of a "non-dust" season (the transit to Hawaii). Underway mapping of surface water Iron and Aluminum with tow-fish pneumatic pumping system. Rosette/CTD casts at 8 stations of approximately 2 hrs each to collect metal, nutrient and chlorophyll samples to augment surface mapping findings.This Hawaii expedition is multidisciplinary in nature and the various legs reflect the diversity of interests and objectives. In addition to the geological objectives listed below, MBARI is also utilizing the transit times both to Hawaii (Leg 1) and back to Monterey (Leg 5).
3 big white boxes/pallets of lab gear - Chavez. ~600 lbs totalаLeg 3: Submarine Canyons (April 21-30)The summit of Loihi Seamount is partly covered by volcaniclastic sedimentary deposits that were discovered and sampled during a series of submersible dives with the Pisces V in 1996, 1997, and 1998 (done by invitation from Frank Sansone and Geoff Wheat in 1996 and 1997 and as a HURL-funded 3-dive program with Rodey Batiza and Jim Head in 1998). The deposits found in the first two years consisted of thin sand units with ripple marks that included bubble-wall fragments indicating that mild explosive activity had occurred on the summit of Loihi (Clague et al., 2000). This discovery led us to explore more specifically for thicker explosive deposits on the summit, which were then found in 1998. The deposits discovered in 1998 include an 11-m section of ash exposed along an inward-facing normal fault, identified in the MBARI Simrad bathymetric data collected in 1998, that defines a caldera complex on the flat summit region of the volcano. Some samples were collected, mainly using sediment scoops that mixed the materials from different layers. Other dives in the summit region suggest that these deposits cover much of the summit platform, particularly on its eastern side. The ash sequence consists of bedded deposits of alternating fine and coarse ash to gravel that were deposited during a variety of submarine explosive eruptions. The eruptions include Strombolian-style that produced scoria and built cinder cones, Hawaiian-style fire fountains that produced widespread deposits of lava bubble-wall fragments in silt- to clay-sized glass matrix, and phreatic explosive-style eruptions that excavated hydrothermally altered lavas and hydrothermal sulfides and sulfate deposits from the subsurface and scattered fragments of them across the summit region of Loihi. Such rapidly quenched glasses are ideal for volatile exsolution studies and we are currently analyzing some of the 1998 samples to estimate their pre=eruptive volatile contents.The scoop samples contain rare foraminifers that may occur in specific layers formed during hiatuses in eruptive activity and rare ash fragments from explosive eruptions on Kilauea Volcano. Both the foraminifers and Kilauea ashes may serve to provide age control on the ash sequence. We (Davis and Clague, 1998) have speculated that such explosive eruptions may be related to collapse events such as that in 1996 that formed a new pit crater 300 m deep and about 1-km in diameter (The Loihi Science Team, 1997).3 Flow Injection Analysis System, 300 lbsаRock drill, with core linersа [url=www.squidoo.com/zbepoloed]Free Gay Sex for Man[/url] The goal of this first leg of the Hawaii Expedition is to occupy a series of stations encompassing the three water masses (coastal zone, California Current, and central gyre) that occur along the transit line from Monterey to Honolulu. Data collected at each station will be used to investigate the relationships between iron, primary production, and gelatinous zooplankton. At 9 stations there will be a 6-hour ROV dive (to 1,000 m), a bongo net tow, a CTD cast (to 1,000 m), and a blue-water scuba dive. At 7 additional stations there will be a bongo net tow and CTD casts. Between stations, underway sampling will include a towed-fish pumping system, and continuous recording with the EK-500 echosounder. All ROV dives will be made during daylight hours, preferably between 0800 and 1400 hours, local time.Participants:Expedition Principal Investigator:аBruce Robison
Push cores, 12-24 per diveаVibra peeper corer (if functional)/li>The goal of this first leg of the Hawaii Expedition is to occupy a series of stations encompassing the three water masses (coastal zone, California Current, and central gyre) that occur along the transit line from Monterey to Honolulu. Data collected at each station will be used to investigate the relationships between iron, primary production, and gelatinous zooplankton. At 9 stations there will be a 6-hour ROV dive (to 1,000 m), a bongo net tow, a CTD cast (to 1,000 m), and a blue-water scuba dive. At 7 additional stations there will be a bongo net tow and CTD casts. Between stations, underway sampling will include a towed-fish pumping system, and continuous recording with the EK-500 echosounder. All ROV dives will be made during daylight hours, preferably between 0800 and 1400 hours, local time.EK-500 water column profiling system Ц Robison (continuous use during transit)аThe northeast flank of Oahu shares many characteristics with the north slope of Molokai. The outer part of an terrace is punctuated by a large volcanic cone, most probably related to the rejuvenated stage Honolulu Volcanics on Oahu (Clague and Frey, 1982). This area was mapped with the Simrad EM300 system by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1998, just before the MBARI surveys were collected. The objectives in sampling this cone are similar to those outlined in the section on "Submarine cones and flows" and it is singled out here simply because it is located in a different region. [url=www.squidoo.com/bigboobss]Teen Lesbian Sex Video Webcams[/url] I propose to use the ROV-mounted vibracorer developed at MBARI to collect a series of overlapping cores in order to sample the entire section. This request requires a vibracorer that operates from Tiburon (planned for completion in 2000 by Tiburon pilot group) and 6-8 short, 1050-m dives with Tiburon, with each dive recovering part of the section. The first dive would explore the fault scarp to find the best site for the subsequent coring and would leave a Homer beacon to mark the site; this dive could be coupled to deployment of one of the seismic instruments proposed in the Caress "Microseismicity of Loihi Seamount" proposal. Each subsequent dive can be as short as about 2.5-4 hours, with the sole objective to collect one vibracore from the section. Collection of a complete section of these ashes is something MBARI is uniquely positioned to accomplish because of the vibracorer capability development in 2000 led by Charlie Paull. This Loihi program requires one short (probably 6-hr dive) and 2-3 12-hour Tiburon operational days each with multiple deployments. All but the uppermost core would have to be obtained from a steeply-sloping (30-40-) bottom since the only place the section is exposed is along normal faults. The materials to be cored are sand to gravel with some thin (5 cm) interbeds of siltstone and are ideal for sampling with a vibracorer. The summit region of Loihi has only very sparse animals, so biologic collecting and observation will not be a significant objective on the dive to locate the coring site.Leg 2: Karst and Volcanos (April 1-16)Purpose:
Participants:top of pageKen Johnson (male), Ginger Elrod (female), Steve Fitzwater (male), Hans Jannasch (male, tentative) and Josh Plant (male, tentative)The following sections outline specific targets for dives with Tiburon in Hawaii, all tied to the large themes outlined in the general project proposal. Manned submersibles have done considerable work around Hawaii, most notably the Hawaii Underseas Research LaboratorieТs (HURL) Pisces V submersible and the programs run by JAMSTEC using the R/V Karei and ROV Kaiko in 1998 and the R/V Yokosuka and 6500-m submersible Shinkai in 1999. The Kaiko and Shinkai programs focussed largely on deep targets related to giant landslides (Nuuanu and Hilina slides on Oahu and Kilauea, respectively) and on deep (>4 km depth) hydrothermal discharge from Loihi. The Pisces V is limited to operations in 500 thousand years) than the oldest terrace found around Hawaii. This once-subaerial surface is disrupted by a cluster of about 20 steep-sided cones (all shallower than about 1 km depth)-only one of which has been sampled. These cones are structurally distinct from subaerial cinder cones (they have no summit craters) and hence are thought to have formed below sea level. Below the deepest shoreline feature, the submarine rift zone resembles the rift zones of Kilauea, Mahukona, and Hilo Ridge with numerous flat-topped volcanic cones (Clague et al., 2000) and linear pillow ridges. In addition, two perched lava ponds were discovered in the Simrad dataset (Clague et al., 2000). These ponds, each several km across, formed above submarine eruptive fissures, built lava levees, and then drained (either back down the eruptive vent or out the side of the pond). Such features indicate that submarine eruptions can be voluminous enough to maintain lava ponds on the seafloor. Exploration of one of these features should confirm our morphologic analysis and provide information about the chemistry, eruptive temperature, and rheology of the lava that built such features.These deposits record the explosive eruptive history of Loihi Seamount for many thousands of years, perhaps as long as 25 ka and thus provide an opportunity to evaluate the frequency and style of such explosive activity on a submarine volcano at relatively shallow depths. The 11-m section we have located has been sampled with two 25 cm pushcores and half a dozen sediment scoops that demonstrate that most of the Hawaiian-style eruptions are alkalic basalt in composition. To decipher the type of eruptions that form the different layers, it is important to be able to sample the layers without contamination as one important criterion to distinguish the different types of activity is the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the glass fragments in a single layer. The sediment scoop samples are always contaminated with surficial material that mantles the slope. In addition, to determine the timing of these deposits, we need to recover enough foraminifera tests to date using 14C techniques. The recovered samples contain some foraminifers, but we did not encounter any layers with enough for dating. Hopefully, a more complete section will recover some layers with abundant foraminifers accumulated during eruptive hiatuses from which we can obtain ages. Additionally, samples of ash from several other locations on Loihi contain fragments of glass from explosive eruptions on Kilauea Volcano. None of these fragments were found in the samples from the thick section, although they are almost certainly present. The compositions of glasses from all the large explosive eruptions on Kilauea during the past 50 ka are well-documented and well-dated (Clague et al., 1995, and in preparation) and may provide additional age control on the Loihi section.3 white collapsible pallet boxes and misc. gear - Robison ~600 lbs totalа
Participants:We request three 12-hr Tiburon dives to explore the unusual steep-sided cone-shaped vent at 2100 m and the vents in the region that might be the source for the high-MgO glass sands, and to search for the approximately 3900-m-deep vent of the voluminous alkalic basalt flow that ponded in the Hawaiian deep. All these dives are too deep (I is just barely too deep) for Pisces V operations. The deposits that make up these vents could be composed mainly of volcanic sands, so the MBARI boxcorer and new push cores with special core catchers would be deployed on these dives. In addition, the MBARI impact glass sampler, with initial development and testing (on Gorda Ridge in August) in 2000, would be used to collect numerous glass samples from these young lava flows. The system would be more useful if a larger capacity carousel (48 samples instead of the current 12) was developed early in 2001.WF Rosette/CTD (+ our mini rosette, 150lbs.)2 steel tow fish (1 as back up) + pump+block - Johnson. ~350 lbsаHawaii remains the laboratory of choice for studies on submarine (and subaerial) volcanic processes because of the young age and freshness of the landforms and volcanic surfaces. In addition, because the Hawaiian volanoes are so large, the processes that degrade the volcanoes, such as massive landslides, or simply submerge the volcanoes are accentuated. Not only are Hawaiian volcanoes the largest in the world with the highest eruption rates (averaged over time), but the landslides that degrade the volcanoes are also the largest volcanic landslides in the world. [url=www.squidoo.com/nnveemosmd]Cooking Free Anal Sex Porn Site Cooking[/url] Hilo Ridge was long thought to be the submarine rift zone of Mauna Kea Volcano (e.g., Yang et al., 1994, 1998), but is now proposed to be the submarine southeast rift zone of Kohala Volcano (Holcomb et al., 2000). Samples collected from the rift zone have variable chemisty-some of the dredged samples are geochemically similar to lavas from Kohala, Mauna Kea, and even Kilauea, but none are geochemically similar to the Mauna Kea lavas from near the bottom of the 1.1-km Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project pilot hole drilled near Hilo (Stolper et al., 1996).Younger flank eruptions from Mauna Kea Volcano almost certainly occur in the area, as vents from Mauna Kea are scattered over a large region on land. However, the rift zone is characterized by numerous flat-topped low-aspect ratio cones (Clague et al., 2000) and two submarine (lacking summit craters) steep-sided cones that are probably constructed of alkalic basalt after the tholeiitic shield volcano had been constructed. We want to sample and date (using Ar-Ar techniques) several of the flat-topped cones along the rift to determine if they are similar in age and chemically similar to shield lavas from Kohala or Mauna Kea volcanoes. In addition, we want to confirm that the steep cones are composed of alkalic basalts, determine their eruptive style and depth, and determine when they erupted, providing a maximum age for the end of shield building. These parameters are important in defining the history of the island of Hawaii, the likely character of lava (Mauna Kea or Kohala) to be encountered in the NSF-funded continuation of the already 3-km-deep Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project main hole, and in interpreting the origin of submarine volcanic landforms. These dives form a continuation of a study begun in fall 1998 when Clague used three MBARI-supported Pisces V dives to map 4 flat-topped cones on the flank of Kohala Volcano and determine their compositions. Analyses of these samples establish the compositions of Kohala shield lavas (those exposed on land are too altered) and form the basis for this comparative study. These dives also build on the MBARI Simrad mapping of Hilo Ridge and Kohala Volcanoes done in 1998.The following sections outline specific targets for dives with Tiburon in Hawaii, all tied to the large themes outlined in the general project proposal. Manned submersibles have done considerable work around Hawaii, most notably the Hawaii Underseas Research LaboratorieТs (HURL) Pisces V submersible and the programs run by JAMSTEC using the R/V Karei and ROV Kaiko in 1998 and the R/V Yokosuka and 6500-m submersible Shinkai in 1999. The Kaiko and Shinkai programs focussed largely on deep targets related to giant landslides (Nuuanu and Hilina slides on Oahu and Kilauea, respectively) and on deep (>4 km depth) hydrothermal discharge from Loihi. The Pisces V is limited to operations in <2000 m and has focused its operations for much of the past 14 years on Loihi Seamount. Recent changes in the scientific objectives of the NOAA- NURP programs have shifted HURLТs program almost entirely into fisheries-related work and bioproducts research (bacteria studies on Loihi)-geologic studies like those proposed here are no longer within the scope of HURL and therefore the Pisces V submersible is no longer a viable option for future work in Hawaii.French-fry basket scoop

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